Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI) short form and revised form (FMI-13R) — norm scores and psychometrics in a representative German sample
Abstract
Background
The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) in its short form is one of the most frequently used instruments in research to measure self-attributed mindfulness levels. Despite the widespread use, there is no calibration sample available until now. Thus, we decided to calibrate it in a representative German sample as norm values are of relevance for clinicians and researchers alike. In addition, we tried to replicate the instruments’ psychometric properties.
Methods
A sample of 1,012 respondents was recruited from a commercial online panel, approximating a representative sample of the German population. Participants filled in the FMI-14 (short from). We performed psychometric analyses and calculated a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). We also computed a measurement invariance analysis and a LASSO regression to identify population variables that predict FMI scores. To gauge external validity of the instrument, we also presented the FMI together with four items of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4).
Results
We obtained the best psychometric properties with a revised version of the FMI-13R, where the only negatively coded item was removed due to lack of fit. McDonald’s Omega was found to be 0.88 and the mean item-scale intercorrelation was 0.36. The construct is unidimensional, with two highly correlated subconstructs, Presence and Acceptance (r = 0.93), which can be separated for conceptual reasons if desired. The CFA supported these models. Age and gender stratified norm scores were calculated and reported. Regression analyses and partial correlation analyses showed negative correlation of FMI-13R scores with measures of anxiety and depression, as expected, and thereby support our previous findings that the instrument is valid and that the Acceptance component of mindfulness is the one that is associated with positive effects on health-related parameters.
Conclusion
The FMI-13R is a psychometrically sound and valid instrument for the assessment of mindfulness. Norm scores can now be used by clinicians and researchers to classify individuals or samples into a range of values compared to the German population.
mehrMehr zum Titel
| Titel | Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI) short form and revised form (FMI-13R) — norm scores and psychometrics in a representative German sample |
|---|---|
| Medien | BMC Psychology |
| Verlag | Springer Nature |
| Heft | 13 |
| Band | 2025 |
| Verfasser | Harald Walach, Prof. Dr. habil. Sebastian Sauer, Niko Kohls, Nina Rose, Stefan Schmidt |
| Seiten | 1328 |
| Veröffentlichungsdatum | 26.11.2025 |
| Zitation | Walach, Harald; Sauer, Sebastian; Kohls, Niko; Rose, Nina; Schmidt, Stefan (2025): Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI) short form and revised form (FMI-13R) — norm scores and psychometrics in a representative German sample. BMC Psychology 2025 (13), 1328. DOI: 10.1186/s40359-025-03671-3 |