Effects of Increased Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology on User’s Perception of Dependency on Chatbots and Smart Home Systems
Erdmann, Matthias; Lassleben, Lennart; Wagner, Laurin; Prinzing, Christian; Sauer, Sebastian; Kühnlenz, Barbara (2025)
Erdmann, Matthias; Lassleben, Lennart; Wagner, Laurin; Prinzing, Christian...
Peer Reviewed
AI-based technologies are becoming increasingly significant while transforming human-machine interactions. Yet, many important questions remain unanswered. One example is the research question of the present contribution, regarding the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on users’ perceptions of dependency on chatbots and smart home systems. The objective is to analyze to what extent users perceive dependencies on these technologies and which factors influence this perception. Based on a survey of 325 users, it was found that dependency perception is currently low but increases with more frequent usage. The results show a substantial association between perception of dependence and frequency of use, with a stronger effect among users of chatbots compared to users of smart home systems. Furthermore, a slight negative effect was observed for attitudes toward AI on dependency perception for both chatbots and smart home systems. To test the hypotheses, linear regression analyses were employed, revealing substantial associations between usage frequency and dependency perception. Despite limitations such as gender imbalance in the sample—even though gender had a negligible effect on PoD –, this study provides valuable insights into the societal impacts of AI and lays the groundwork for future research in this area. Future studies should include larger and more representative samples and develop validated measurement instruments to enhance the generalizability of findings. The results emphasize the necessity of critically evaluating the deployment and integration of AI technologies to identify potential dependencies at an early stage.
Statistik 1 -Einführung in die Statistik mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Prognose-Modellierung
Sauer, Sebastian (2025)
Independently published.
The Social Media Hate Speech Barometer: Making of
Sauer, Sebastian; Piazza, Alexander; Schacht, Sigurd (2023)
Proceedings - 5th International Conference Business Meets Technology 2023.
DOI: 10.4995/BMT2023.2023.16724
Open Access Peer Reviewed
Data Visualization – The Effect of Graph Animation on Persuasiveness
Hoffmann, Franziska; Sauer, Sebastian; González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, Fernando (2023)
Proceedings - 5th International Conference Business Meets Technology 2023.
DOI: 10.4995/BMT2023.2023.16727
Open Access Peer Reviewed
A bibliometric analysis on reciprocal human-machine-interactions
Erdmann, Matthias; Perello-Marin, M. Rosario; Suárez Ruz, Maria Esperanza ; Sauer, Sebastian (2023)
Erdmann, Matthias; Perello-Marin, M. Rosario; Suárez Ruz, Maria Esperanza ...
Proceedings - 5th International Conference Business Meets Technology 2023, 163-176.
DOI: 10.4995/BMT2023.2023.16728
Open Access Peer Reviewed
Most healthcare interventions tested in Cochrane Reviews are not effective according to high quality evidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Howick, Jeremy; Koletsi, Despina; Ioannidis, John P.A.; Madigan, Claire; Pandis, Nikolaos; Loef, Martin; Walach, Harald; Sauer, Sebastian; Kleijnen, Jos; Seehra, Jadbinder; Johnson, Tess; Schmidt, Stefan (2022)
Howick, Jeremy; Koletsi, Despina; Ioannidis, John P.A.; Madigan, Claire...
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 148, 160-169.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.04.017
Peer Reviewed
Dataset "predictors of performance in stats test"
Sauer, Sebastian (2021)
Open Science Framework.
DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SJHUY
Statistics education from a data-centric perspective
Gehrke, Matthias; Kistler, Tanja; Lübke, Karsten; Markgraf, Norman; Krol, Bianca; Sauer, Sebastian (2021)
Gehrke, Matthias; Kistler, Tanja; Lübke, Karsten; Markgraf, Norman; Krol, Bianca...
Teaching Statistics 43 (S1), S201-S215.
DOI: 10.1111/test.12264
Open Access Peer Reviewed
Analyse der Nützlichkeit von Amazon-Produktbewertungen mittels Text Mining
Bosten, Florian; Di Stefano, Manuel; Hartmann, Maren; Sauer, Sebastian; Buchkremer, Rüdiger (2020)
Bosten, Florian; Di Stefano, Manuel; Hartmann, Maren; Sauer, Sebastian...
Buchkremer, R., Heupel, T., Koch, O. (eds), Künstliche Intelligenz in Wirtschaft & Gesellschaft. FOM-Edition. , 609-644.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-658-29550-9_30
Analyse von Nützlichkeits- und Sterne-Online-Bewertungen mittels Machine Learning am Beispiel von Amazon
Di Stefano, Manuel; Bosten, Florian; Erhard, Michel Sebastian; Sauer, Sebastian; Buchkremer, Rüdiger (2020)
Di Stefano, Manuel; Bosten, Florian; Erhard, Michel Sebastian; Sauer, Sebastian...
Buchkremer, R., Heupel, T., Koch, O. (eds) Künstliche Intelligenz in Wirtschaft & Gesellschaft., 609-644.
Community assessment to advance computational prediction of cancer drug combinations in a pharmacogenomic screen
Menden, Michael P.; Wang, Dennis; Mason, Mike; et al, ...; Sauer, Sebastian; et al, . (2019)
Menden, Michael P.; Wang, Dennis; Mason, Mike; et al, ...; Sauer, Sebastian...
Nature Communications 10, 2674.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09799-2
Open Access
TBS-TK-Rezension: Rasch-basiertes Depressionsscreening (DESC, 1. Auflage)
Groen, Gunter; Sauer, Sebastian (2019)
Psychologische Rundschau 70 (1), 96-98.
DOI: 10.1026/0033-3042/a000431
Open Access Peer Reviewed
Moderne Datenanalyse mit R: Daten einlesen, aufbereiten, visualisieren und modellieren
Sauer, Sebastian (2019)
(FOM-Edition). Springer, Wiesbaden.
Open Access
Die Arbeitsweise der Forschung zu Zeiten von Digitalisierung und Reproduzierbarkeitskrise: Neue Methoden, alte Probleme
Sauer, Sebastian; Sülzenbrück, Sandra (2019)
Arbeitswelten der Zukunft. FOM-DÈdition. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden
, 181-200.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-658-23397-6_11
Open Access
Psychologisches Kapital fördern durch Führung - eine quantitative Beobachtungsstudie zu den Wirkmechanismen von Servant Leadership
Sülzenbrück, Sandra; Ferreira, Yvonne; Sauer, Sebastian; Strehl, Timo (2019)
Wirtschaftpsychologie 21 (3), 60-68.
Peer Reviewed
Wie populistisch tweeten unser Politiker? – Eine Data-Mining-Studie
Sauer, Sebastian (2018)
51. Kongress der deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie. Frankfurt, 15.-20.09.2018.
Prädiktoren des AfD-Wahlerfolgs bei der Bundestagswahl 2017
Sauer, Sebastian (2018)
51. Kongress der deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie. Frankfurt, 20.09.2018.
Reproduzierbares Schreiben in der Wissenschaft am Beispiel des Buchprojekts „Moderne Datenanalyse mit R“
Sauer, Sebastian (2018)
51. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Frankfurt, 18.09.2020.
Real-time Prediction of User Performance based on Pupillary Assessment via Eye Tracking
Buettner, Ricardo; Sauer, Sebastian; Maier, Christian; Eckhardt, Andreas (2018)
AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 10 (1), 26-56.
DOI: 10.17705/1thci.00103
Peer Reviewed
Observation oriented modeling revised from a statistical point of view
Sauer, Sebastian (2018)
Behavior Research Methods 50 (4), 1749-1761.
Peer Reviewed
Prof. Dr. habil. Sebastian Sauer
Hochschule Ansbach
Hochschule Ansbach - Fakultät Wirtschaft
Residenzstr. 8
91522 Ansbach
T 0162 2152724 sebastian.sauer[at]hs-ansbach.de
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1515-8348