Simultaneous Reductions in NOx Emissions, Combustion Instability, and Efficiency Loss in a Lean-Burn CHP Engine via Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas
Abstract
A systematic sequence of materials was investigated to develop phytic-acid (Phyt)–based flame retarded poly(lactide acid) (PLA), while factoring in molecular weight (MW), crystallinity and mechanical properties. Synergistic approaches were developed based on combinations with lignin and expandable graphite (EG), as well as by applying different Phyt salts of melamine (Mel), piperazine (Pip), and arginine (Arg). Compounds were twin screw extruded, injection molded, hot pressed and investigated with thermal analysis, size exclusion chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, tensile testing, limited oxygen index (LOI), UL 94, cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope. 16.7 wt.% flame retardant (FR) slightly enhances crystallization while MW remains unchanged in PLA Phyt Arg and PLA Phyt Mel. LOI was improved to 43.7 vol.% for PLA Phyt Arg, UL 94 V0 achieved for PLA Phyt Pip. Cone calorimeter results show total heat evolved reduced by 14 %, maximum average rate of heat emission 43 % lower, and peak heat release rate reduced by 50 % for PLA Phyt Mel. Phyt Mel combined with EG increased the char yield of PLA to 20 wt.% and 15.5 wt.% at 600 and 900 °C, respectively. Phyt is exploited to enhance char yield, stabilize the intumescent char, and lower the apparent effective heat of combustion. The combination of Phyt Mel and EG was proposed as an efficient FR for PLA via an evidence based developing route.
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| Titel | Simultaneous Reductions in NOx Emissions, Combustion Instability, and Efficiency Loss in a Lean-Burn CHP Engine via Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas |
|---|---|
| Medien | Energies |
| Verlag | MDPI Energies |
| Herausgeber | MDPI |
| Heft | 18 |
| Band | 2025 |
| Verfasser | Johannes Fichtner, Jan Ninow, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg Kapischke |
| Seiten | Issue 16 |
| Veröffentlichungsdatum | 14.08.2025 |
| Zitation | Fichtner, Johannes; Ninow, Jan; Kapischke, Jörg (2025): Simultaneous Reductions in NOx Emissions, Combustion Instability, and Efficiency Loss in a Lean-Burn CHP Engine via Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas . Energies 2025 (18), Issue 16. DOI: 10.3390/en18164339 |